Abstract

The accelerating adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in the United States presents both opportunities and challenges for power grid infrastructure. This study examines the technical, economic, and operational impacts of grid-integrated EV charging systems on U.S. power grid stability and resilience. Through systematic analysis of charging infrastructure deployment patterns, load profiles, and grid integration strategies, we investigate how increasing EV penetration affects distribution networks, transmission systems, and overall grid reliability. Our findings reveal that unmanaged charging could increase peak demand by 15-25% in high-adoption scenarios by 2035, potentially straining existing infrastructure. However, strategic deployment of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology and smart charging protocols demonstrates significant potential for enhancing grid flexibility and resilience. We propose a comprehensive framework for optimizing EV-grid integration that balances transportation electrification goals with power system stability requirements. The research contributes to emerging literature on sustainable transportation-energy systems and provides actionable insights for policymakers, utilities, and industry stakeholders navigating the energy transition.